Ikigo Cyiza Cyibikoresho Kurinda Ibikoresho (CEPEM), 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, Kanada
Koresha umurongo uri munsi kugirango usangire inyandiko yuzuye yiyi ngingo hamwe nabagenzi bawe na bagenzi bawe.wige byinshi.
Ibigo nderabuzima rusange birasaba ko abaturage bakoresha masike kugirango bagabanye ikwirakwizwa ry’indwara zo mu kirere nka COVID-19.Iyo mask ikora nkayunguruzo rwinshi, ikwirakwizwa rya virusi rizagabanuka, bityo rero ni ngombwa gusuzuma imikorere ya filtrice yingirakamaro (PFE) ya mask.Nyamara, ikiguzi kinini hamwe nigihe kinini cyo kuyobora kijyanye no kugura sisitemu ya PFE cyangwa gukoresha laboratoire yemewe bibuza kugerageza ibikoresho byo kuyungurura.Hano biragaragara ko hakenewe sisitemu yikizamini cya PFE "yihariye";icyakora, ibipimo bitandukanye byerekana ibizamini bya PFE bya (ubuvuzi) (urugero, ASTM International, NIOSH) biratandukanye cyane mubisobanuro bya protocole nubuyobozi.Hano, iterambere rya sisitemu "y'imbere" PFE nuburyo bwo gupima masike murwego rwibipimo byubuvuzi bwa none byasobanuwe.Ukurikije amahame mpuzamahanga ya ASTM, sisitemu ikoresha sisitemu ya latex (0.1 µm ingano yizina) aerosole kandi ikoresha analyseur ya laser kugirango ipime ibice byibumbiye hejuru no hepfo yibikoresho bya mask.Kora ibipimo bya PFE kumyenda itandukanye hamwe na mask yubuvuzi.Uburyo bwasobanuwe muriki gikorwa bwujuje ubuziranenge bwibizamini bya PFE, mugihe bitanga guhinduka kugirango uhuze nibikenewe hamwe no kuyungurura.
Ibigo nderabuzima rusange birasaba ko abaturage muri rusange bambara masike kugirango bagabanye ikwirakwizwa rya COVID-19 n’izindi ndwara ziterwa na aerosol.[1] Ibisabwa kwambara masike bifite akamaro mukugabanya kwanduza, kandi [2] byerekana ko masike yabaturage itapimwe itanga kuyungurura.Mubyukuri, ubushakashatsi bwikitegererezo bwerekanye ko kugabanuka kwanduza COVID-19 bigereranywa n’ibicuruzwa byahujwe no gukora neza kwa mask ndetse n’igipimo cy’abana, kandi izi ngamba n’izindi ngamba zishingiye ku baturage zigira uruhare runini mu kugabanya ibitaro n’impfu.[3]
Umubare wa masike yubuvuzi yemewe hamwe nubuhumekero busabwa nubuvuzi nabandi bakozi bambere biyongereye cyane, bitera imbogamizi kumurongo uhari wo gukora no gutanga amasoko, kandi bituma ababikora bashya bapima vuba kandi bemeza ibikoresho bishya.Amashyirahamwe nka ASTM International hamwe n’ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe umutekano n’ubuzima (NIOSH) yashyizeho uburyo busanzwe bwo gupima maska y’ubuvuzi;icyakora, ibisobanuro byubu buryo biratandukanye cyane, kandi buri shyirahamwe ryashyizeho ibipimo ngenderwaho byaryo.
Byumwihariko gushungura neza (PFE) nikintu cyingenzi kiranga mask kuko ifitanye isano nubushobozi bwayo bwo gushungura uduce duto nka aerosole.Masike yubuvuzi igomba kuba yujuje intego za PFE [4-6] kugirango yemezwe ninzego zishinzwe kugenzura nka ASTM International cyangwa NIOSH.Maskike yo kubaga yemejwe na ASTM, naho ubuhumekero bwa N95 bwemejwe na NIOSH, ariko masike zombi zigomba gutsinda indangagaciro zihariye za PFE.Kurugero, masike ya N95 igomba kugera kuri 95% yo kuyungurura kuri aerosole igizwe nuduce duto twumunyu ufite impuzandengo ya diameter ya 0.075 µm, mugihe ASTM 2100 L3 masike yo kubaga igomba kugera kuri 98% kuyungurura kuri aerosole igizwe nudupira twa latx hamwe na diameter ya 0.1 µm Akayunguruzo .
Amahitamo abiri yambere arazimvye (> $ 1.000 kuburugero rwikizamini, ugereranije ni $ 150,000 kubikoresho byagenwe), kandi mugihe cyicyorezo cya COVID-19, habaho gutinda kubera igihe kirekire cyo gutanga no gutanga amasoko.Igiciro kinini cyo kwipimisha PFE nuburenganzira buke bwo kugera - hamwe no kubura ubuyobozi bufatika kubijyanye no gusuzuma imikorere isanzwe - byatumye abashakashatsi bakoresha sisitemu zitandukanye zo kwipimisha zabigenewe, akenshi zishingiye kubipimo bimwe cyangwa byinshi kubipapuro byemewe byubuvuzi byemewe.
Ibikoresho byihariye byo gupima ibikoresho bya mask biboneka mubitabo bihari mubisanzwe bisa nibyavuzwe haruguru NIOSH cyangwa ASTM F2100 / F2299.Nyamara, abashakashatsi bafite amahirwe yo guhitamo cyangwa guhindura igishushanyo cyangwa ibipimo bikora ukurikije ibyo bakunda.Kurugero, impinduka zicyitegererezo cyubuso bwumuvuduko, ikirere / umuvuduko wa aerosol umuvuduko, ingano yicyitegererezo (agace), hamwe nibice bya aerosol byakoreshejwe.Ubushakashatsi bwinshi buherutse gukoresha ibikoresho byabugenewe kugirango basuzume ibikoresho bya mask.Ibi bikoresho bikoresha sodium chloride aerosole kandi byegereye ibipimo bya NIOSH.Kurugero, Rogak n'abandi.(2020), Zangmeister n'abandi.(2020), Abasinzi n'abandi.(2020) na Joo n'abandi.. 14-16] Konda n'abandi.(2020) na Hao n'abandi.(2020) Igikoresho gisa nacyo cyarubatswe, ariko kutabogama kwishyurwa ntabwo byari birimo.[8, 17] Muri ubu bushakashatsi, umuvuduko wumwuka mubyitegererezo watandukanye hagati ya 1 na 90 L min-1 (rimwe na rimwe kugirango umenye ingaruka / umuvuduko);icyakora, umuvuduko wubuso wari hagati ya 5.3 na 25 cm s-1 hagati.Ingano yicyitegererezo isa nkaho itandukanye hagati ya ≈3.4 na 59 cm2.
Ibinyuranye, hariho ubushakashatsi buke ku isuzuma ryibikoresho bya mask hifashishijwe ibikoresho ukoresheje latex aerosol, yegereye ASTM F2100 / F2299.Kurugero, Bagheri n'abandi.(2021), Shakya n'abandi.(2016) na Lu n'abandi..[18-20] Na Lu n'abandi.Impanuka itabogamye yakoreshejwe hepfo ya generator ya aerosol, kandi abanditsi bandi masomo abiri ntibabikoze.Igipimo cy’imyuka y’icyitegererezo nacyo cyahindutseho gato - ariko mu mbibi za F2299 - kuva ≈7.3 kugeza 19 L min-1.Umuvuduko wubuso bwikirere wizwe na Bagheri nabandi.ni 2 na 10 cm s - 1 (murwego rusanzwe), uko bikurikirana.Na Lu n'abandi, na Shakya n'abandi.[18-20] Byongeye, umwanditsi na Shakya n'abandi.yageragejwe na latx sisitemu yubunini butandukanye (nukuvuga, muri rusange, 20 nm kugeza 2500 nm).Na Lu n'abandi.Nibura muri bimwe mubizamini byabo, bakoresha ubunini bwa nm 100 (0.1 µm).
Muriyi mirimo, turasobanura imbogamizi duhura nazo mugukora igikoresho cya PFE gihuye na ASTM F2100 / F2299 isanzweho bishoboka.Mubipimo nyamukuru bizwi cyane (urugero NIOSH na ASTM F2100 / F2299), igipimo cya ASTM gitanga ihinduka ryinshi mubipimo (nkigipimo cyumuvuduko wikirere) kugirango wige imikorere yo kuyungurura ishobora kugira ingaruka kuri PFE mumasaka atari mubuvuzi.Ariko, nkuko twabigaragaje, iyi flexible itanga urwego rwinyongera mugushushanya ibikoresho nkibi.
Imiti yaguzwe muri Sigma-Aldrich ikoreshwa nkuko biri.Styrene monomer (≥99%) isukurwa hifashishijwe ikirahuri kirimo gukuramo alumina inhibitor, igamije gukuraho tert-butylcatechol.Amazi ya Deionised (≈0.037 µS cm - 1) ava muri sisitemu yo kweza amazi ya Sartorius Arium.
100% ubudodo busanzwe (Muslin CT) bufite uburemere bwa nomero 147 gm-2 buturuka muri Veratex Lining Ltd, QC, naho imigano / spandex ivanze na D. Zinman Textiles, QC.Ibindi bikoresho byabakandida bituruka kubacuruza imyenda yaho (Fabricland).Ibi bikoresho birimo imyenda ibiri itandukanye 100% (hamwe nibicapo bitandukanye), umwenda umwe / ipamba ya spandex, imyenda ibiri ya pamba / polyester (umwe "rusange" n "umwenda wa swater") hamwe nipamba idoda / polypropilene ivanze; ibikoresho byo gukata ipamba.Imbonerahamwe 1 irerekana incamake yimiterere yimyenda izwi.Mu rwego rwo gupima ibikoresho bishya, habonetse masike y’ubuvuzi yemejwe mu bitaro byaho, harimo ASTM 2100 Urwego rwa 2 (L2) na Urwego rwa 3 (L3; Halyard) masike y’ubuvuzi yemewe hamwe n’ubuhumekero bwa N95 (3M).
Icyitegererezo cyizenguruko cya mm 85 z'umurambararo cyaciwe kuri buri kintu kigomba gupimwa;ntakindi cyahinduwe kubikoresho (urugero, gukaraba).Shyira umwenda mu mwenda w'icyitegererezo cya PFE kugirango ugerageze.Diameter nyayo yicyitegererezo ihuye nikirere ni 73 mm, nibikoresho bisigaye bikoreshwa mugukosora neza icyitegererezo.Kuri mask yateranijwe, uruhande rukora mumaso ruba kure ya aerosol yibikoresho byatanzwe.
Synthesis ya monodisperse anionic polystyrene latex sisitemu na emulsion polymerisation.Ukurikije uburyo bwasobanuwe mubushakashatsi bwabanje, reaction yakozwe muburyo bwa kimwe cya kabiri cyinzara ya monomer.[21, 22] Ongeramo amazi ya deionioni (160 mL) kuri 250 mL ya flask yo munsi yizosi eshatu hanyuma uyishyire mubwogero bwamavuta.Flask yahise isukurwa na azote hanyuma inomero ya styrene monomer (2.1 mL) yongerwaho kumashanyarazi.Nyuma yiminota 10 kuri 70 ° C, ongeramo sodium lauryl sulfate (0,235 g) yashonga mumazi ya deionion (8 mL).Nyuma yiminota 5, potasiyumu persulfate (0,5 g) yashonga mumazi ya deioni (2 mL) yongeyeho.Mu masaha 5 ari imbere, koresha pompe ya syringe kugirango utere buhoro buhoro stirene itagira inhibitor (20 mL) muri flask ku gipimo cya 66 µL min-1.Nyuma yo kwinjiza styrene irangiye, reaction yakomeje andi masaha 17.Hanyuma flask yarakinguwe arakonja kugirango polymerisation irangire.Synthesized polystyrene latex emulsion yakoreshwaga mu kurwanya amazi ya deyoni mu muyoboro wa dialyse ya SnakeSkin (ibiro 3500 Da molekula yaciwe) muminsi itanu, kandi amazi ya deionion yasimburwaga buri munsi.Kuramo emulsiyo mumiyoboro ya dialyse hanyuma uyibike muri firigo kuri 4 ° C kugeza ikoreshejwe.
Gukwirakwiza urumuri rutanga imbaraga (DLS) rwakozwe hamwe nisesengura rya Brookhaven 90Plus, uburebure bwa laser bwari 659 nm, naho inguni ya detector yari 90 °.Koresha porogaramu yuzuye yo gukemura (v2.6; Brookhaven Instruments Corporation) kugirango usesengure amakuru.Ihagarikwa rya latex rivangwa n'amazi ya deionion kugeza igihe ibice bigereranijwe bigera ku bihumbi 500 kumasegonda (kcps).Ingano yingingo yariyemeje kuba 125 ± 3 nm, kandi raporo ya polydispersity yari 0.289 ± 0.006.
Isesengura rya ZetaPlus zeta (Brookhaven Instruments Corp.) ryakoreshejwe kugirango haboneke agaciro gapimwe k'ubushobozi bwa zeta muburyo bwo gusesengura icyiciro cyo gukwirakwiza urumuri.Icyitegererezo cyateguwe hongerwaho aliquot ya latex kumuti wa 5 × 10-3m NaCl hanyuma ukongera ukongera ugahagarika latex kugirango ugere kubice bigera kuri 500 kcps.Ibipimo bitanu byasubiwemo (buri kimwe kigizwe na 30 yiruka) byakozwe, bivamo zeta ishobora kuba ifite agaciro ka -55.1 ± 2.8 mV, aho ikosa ryerekana gutandukana bisanzwe kugiciro cyagereranijwe cyibisubirwamo bitanu.Ibipimo byerekana ko ibice byashizwemo nabi kandi bigakora ihagarikwa rihamye.DLS na zeta amakuru ashobora kuboneka mu mbonerahamwe yamakuru S2 na S3.
Twubatse ibikoresho dukurikije amahame mpuzamahanga ya ASTM, nkuko byasobanuwe hepfo kandi bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 1. Moderi imwe ya Blaustein atomisation module (BLAM; CHTech) moteri ya aerosol ikoreshwa mu gukora aerosole irimo imipira ya latex.Akayunguruzo ko mu kirere (kabonetse binyuze muri GE Healthcare Whatman 0.3 µm HEPA-CAP na 0.2 µm POLYCAP TF muyunguruzi ikurikiranye) yinjira mumashanyarazi ya aerosol kumuvuduko wa psi 20 (6.9 kPa) hanyuma atomike igice cya 5 mg L-1 guhagarikwa Amazi yinjizwa mumupira wa latex wibikoresho binyuze muri pompe ya syringe (KD Scientific Model 100).Ibice bitose bya aerosolize byumye byanyuze mumyuka yo mu kirere hasigara generator ya aerosol binyuze mumashanyarazi.Guhindura ubushyuhe bigizwe na 5/8 ”icyuma kitagira umuyonga igikomere gifite uburebure bwa metero 8.Ibisohoka ni 216 W (BriskHeat).Ukurikije imvugo ishobora guhindurwa, ubushyuhe busohoka bushyirwa kuri 40% byagaciro ntarengwa byigikoresho (≈86 W);ibi bitanga impuzandengo y'urukuta rwo hanze rwa dogere 112 ° C (gutandukana bisanzwe ≈1 ° C), bigenwa nubushuhe bwa termocouple (Taylor USA).Igishushanyo S4 mumakuru yingoboka yerekana incamake imikorere yubushyuhe.
Ibice byumye bya atomize byumye noneho bivangwa nubunini bunini bwumwuka wayungurujwe kugirango ugere ku kirere cyuzuye cya 28.3 L min-1 (ni ukuvuga metero kibe 1 kumunota).Agaciro katoranijwe kuko nigipimo nyacyo cyo gutembera kwa laser agace gasesengura ibikoresho byerekana icyitegererezo cya sisitemu.Umugezi wo mu kirere utwara uduce duto twa latx twoherejwe muri kimwe mu byumba bibiri bihagaritse (ni ukuvuga ibyuma bitobora ibyuma bitagira umuyonga): icyumba “kigenzura” kidafite ibikoresho bya mask, cyangwa uruziga rwaciwe n’umuzingi “sample” ukoresha-gutandukana Icyitegererezo ufite yinjijwe hanze yigitambara.Diameter y'imbere y'ibyumba byombi ni mm 73, ihuye na diameter y'imbere y'icyitegererezo.Ufite icyitegererezo akoresha impeta zometseho hamwe na bolts zasubiwemo kugirango zifunge neza ibikoresho bya mask, hanyuma ushyiremo utwugarizo dushobora gutandukana mu cyuho cy’icyitegererezo, hanyuma ukifungishe neza mu gikoresho hamwe na gaze ya reberi na clamps (Igicapo S2, amakuru yunganira).
Diameter yicyitegererezo cyumwenda uhuye nikirere ni mm 73 (agace = 41,9 cm2);gifunzwe mucyumba cy'icyitegererezo mugihe cy'ikizamini.Umwuka uva mu cyumba cya "kugenzura" cyangwa "icyitegererezo" wimurirwa mu gusesengura ibice bya laser (sisitemu yo gupima ibice LASAIR III 110) kugirango bipime umubare hamwe nubunini bwibice bya latex.Isesengura ryibice byerekana imipaka yo hepfo no hejuru yubunini bwibice, buri gice cya 2 × 10-4 na ≈34 kuri metero kibe (ibice 7 na 50950 000 kuri metero kibe).Kugirango hapimwe ibipimo bya latx yibice, ubunini bwibice bivugwa muri "agasanduku" gafite umupaka wo hasi hamwe n’urugero rwo hejuru rwa 0.10–0.15 µm, bihuye nubunini bugereranije bwa buke bwa latx muri aerosol.Nyamara, ubundi binini binini birashobora gukoreshwa, kandi bin nyinshi zishobora gusuzumwa icyarimwe, hamwe nubunini ntarengwa bwa 5 µm.
Ibikoresho birimo n'ibindi bikoresho, nk'ibikoresho byo koza urugereko hamwe nisesengura ry'ibice hamwe n'umwuka usukuye, hamwe na valve n'ibikoresho bikenewe (Ishusho 1).Igishushanyo cyuzuye cyo gushushanya nibikoresho byerekanwe mubishusho S1 na Imbonerahamwe S1 yamakuru ashyigikira.
Mugihe cyubushakashatsi, ihagarikwa rya latex ryatewe mumashanyarazi ya aerosol ku kigero cya ≈60 kugeza 100 µL min-1 kugirango igumane umusaruro uhamye, hafi ibice 14-25 kuri santimetero kibe (400 000-kuri santimetero kibe) 700 000 ibice).Ibirenge) mu binini bifite ubunini bwa 0.10–0.15 µm.Uru rugendo rwo gutembera rurakenewe kubera impinduka zagaragaye mu kwibumbira hamwe kwa latx ibice byo hepfo ya generator ya aerosol, bishobora guterwa nimpinduka zumubare wihagarikwa rya latex wafashwe numutego wamazi wa generator ya aerosol.
Kugirango bapime PFE yicyitegererezo cyatanzwe, agace ka latex ya aerosol yabanje kwimurwa binyuze mucyumba cyo kugenzura hanyuma ikoherezwa kubisesengura.Komeza gupima ubunini bwibice bitatu bikurikiranye byihuse, buri kimwe kimara umunota umwe.Isesengura ryibice byerekana igihe impuzandengo yibice byibice mugihe cyo gusesengura, ni ukuvuga ko impuzandengo yibice byibice mumunota umwe (28.3 L) byicyitegererezo.Nyuma yo gufata ibipimo fatizo kugirango hamenyekane ibipimo bihamye hamwe nigipimo cya gazi, aerosol yimurirwa mucyumba cyicyitegererezo.Sisitemu imaze kugera kuringaniza (mubisanzwe amasegonda 60-90), ibindi bitatu bikurikiranye umunota umwe bikurikirana bifatwa muburyo bukurikiranye.Ibipimo by'icyitegererezo byerekana ubunini bwibice binyura mucyitegererezo.Icyakurikiyeho, mugabanye uruzinduko rwa aerosol gusubira mucyumba cyo kugenzura, hapimwe ibindi bipimo bitatu byibumbiye hamwe mu cyumba cyabigenzuye kugira ngo hamenyekane ko ibice byo hejuru bitigeze bihinduka cyane mu gihe cyo gusuzuma icyitegererezo.Kubera ko igishushanyo cy’ibyumba byombi ari kimwe - usibye ko icyumba cy’icyitegererezo gishobora kwakira abafite icyitegererezo - imiterere y’urugereko ishobora gufatwa nkimwe, bityo rero kwibumbira hamwe kwa gaze muri gaze biva mucyumba cy’ubugenzuzi n’icyumba cy’icyitegererezo birashobora kugereranywa.
Kugirango ukomeze ubuzima bwigikoresho cyisesengura kandi ukureho ibice bya aerosol muri sisitemu hagati ya buri kizamini, koresha indege ya HEPA yungurujwe kugirango isukure ibice bisesenguye nyuma ya buri gipimo, hanyuma usukure icyumba cyicyitegererezo mbere yo guhindura ingero.Nyamuneka reba ku gishushanyo S1 mu makuru yo gushyigikira igishushanyo mbonera cya sisitemu yo guhumeka ikirere ku gikoresho cya PFE.
Iyi mibare yerekana igipimo kimwe "cyasubiwemo" PFE kubipimo by'icyitegererezo kimwe kandi bihwanye no kubara PFE muri ASTM F2299 (Ikigereranyo (2)).
Ibikoresho byavuzwe muri §2.1 byamaganwe na aerosole ya latex ikoresheje ibikoresho bya PFE byasobanuwe muri .32.3 kugirango hamenyekane neza ko ari ibikoresho bya mask.Igishushanyo cya 2 cyerekana ibyasomwe byabonetse mubisesengura ryibice, kandi indangagaciro za PFE yimyenda ya swater nibikoresho byo gupakira bipimirwa icyarimwe.Isesengura ry'icyitegererezo bitatu ryakozwe kubikoresho bibiri hamwe no gusubiramo bitandatu.Biragaragara, gusoma kwambere murutonde rwibisomwa bitatu (igicucu gifite ibara ryoroheje) mubisanzwe bitandukanye nibindi bisomwa bibiri.Kurugero, gusoma kwambere gutandukana nikigereranyo cyibindi bisomwa bibiri muri 12-15 muri shusho ya 2 hejuru ya 5%.Iri genzura rifitanye isano nuburinganire bwumwuka wa aerosol urimo umwuka unyura mubice byisesengura.Nkuko byaganiriweho mu Bikoresho no mu buryo, ibyasomwe bingana (icya kabiri n'icya gatatu kugenzura no gusoma icyitegererezo) byakoreshejwe mu kubara PFE mu ibara ry'ubururu bwijimye n'umutuku ku gishushanyo cya 2.Muri rusange, impuzandengo ya PFE yibintu bitatu byigana ni 78% ± 2% kumyenda ya swater na 74% ± 2% kubikoresho byo gupamba.
Kugirango hamenyekane imikorere ya sisitemu, hasuzumwe masike yubuvuzi yemewe ya ASTM 2100 (L2, L3) hamwe nubuhumekero bwa NIOSH (N95).Igipimo cya ASTM F2100 gishyiraho sub-micron ibice byo kuyungurura neza ya 0.1 µm ibice byo murwego rwa 2 na masike yo murwego rwa 3 kuba ≥ 95% na ≥ 98%.[5] Mu buryo nk'ubwo, ubuhumekero bwa NOSH bwemewe na N95 bugomba kwerekana uburyo bwo kuyungurura bwa ≥ 95% kuri nanoparticles ya NaCl ya atomike ifite impuzandengo ya 0.075 µm.[24] Rengasamy n'abandi.Nk’uko amakuru abitangaza, masike asa N95 yerekana PFE ifite agaciro ka 99.84% –99,98%, [25] Zangmeister n'abandi.Nk’uko amakuru abitangaza, N95 yabo itanga umusaruro muke wo kuyungurura hejuru ya 99.9%, [14] mugihe Joo n'abandi.Nk’uko amakuru abitangaza, masike ya 3M N95 yabyaye 99% bya PFE (300 nm ibice), [16] na Hao n'abandi.Raporo N95 PFE (300 nm ibice) ni 94.4%.[17] Kuri masike abiri ya N95 yamaganwe na Shakya n'abandi.hamwe na 0.1 µm imipira ya latex, PFE yagabanutse hafi ya 80% na 100%.[19] Iyo Lu n'abandi.Ukoresheje imipira ya latex ingana kugirango usuzume masike ya N95, impuzandengo ya PFE ni 93.8%.[20] Ibisubizo byabonetse ukoresheje ibikoresho byasobanuwe muri iki gikorwa byerekana ko PFE ya mask ya N95 ari 99.2 ± 0.1%, ibyo bikaba bihuza neza n’ubushakashatsi bwabanje.
Maskike yo kubaga nayo yageragejwe mubushakashatsi bwinshi.Mask yo kubaga ya Hao n'abandi.yerekanye PFE (300 nm ibice) bya 73.4%, [17] mugihe masike atatu yo kubaga yapimwe na Drewnick nabandi.PFE yakozwe kuva kuri 60% kugeza hafi 100%.[15] (Mask ya nyuma irashobora kuba icyitegererezo cyemewe.) Ariko, Zangmeister n'abandi.Nk’uko raporo zibyerekana, ubushobozi buke bwo kuyungurura masike abiri yo kubaga yapimwe ni hejuru ya 30% gusa, [14] munsi cyane ugereranije na masike yo kubaga yapimwe muri ubu bushakashatsi.Mu buryo nk'ubwo, "mask yo kubaga ubururu" yapimwe na Joo n'abandi.Garagaza ko PFE (300 nm ibice) ari 22% gusa.[16] Shakya n'abandi.yatangaje ko PFE ya masike yo kubaga (ukoresheje 0.1 µm latex ibice) yagabanutse hafi 60-80%.[19] Ukoresheje imipira ya latex ingana, mask yo kubaga Lu et al. Yatanze impuzandengo ya PFE ya 80.2%.Mugereranije, PFE ya mask yacu ya L2 ni 94.2 ± 0,6%, naho PFE ya mask ya L3 ni 94.9 ± 0.3%.Nubwo izi PFE zirenze PFE nyinshi mubitabo, tugomba kumenya ko nta rwego rwo gutanga impamyabumenyi rwavuzwe mubushakashatsi bwabanje, kandi masike yacu yo kubaga yabonye impamyabumenyi yo mu rwego rwa 2 nu rwego rwa 3.
Mu buryo bumwe isesengura ry’ibikoresho by’abakandida ku gishushanyo cya 2 byasesenguwe, hakozwe ibizamini bitatu ku bindi bikoresho bitandatu kugira ngo hamenyekane niba bikwiriye muri mask no kwerekana imikorere y’igikoresho cya PFE.Igishushanyo cya 3 gitegura indangagaciro za PFE yibikoresho byose byapimwe kandi ukabigereranya nagaciro ka PFE wabonye mugusuzuma ibikoresho byemewe bya L3 na N95.Kuva kuri masike 11 / ibikoresho bya maskike yabakandida byatoranijwe kubwiki gikorwa, ibikorwa byinshi bya PFE birashobora kugaragara neza, kuva kuri ≈10% kugeza hafi 100%, bihuye nubundi bushakashatsi, [8, 9, 15] hamwe nabasobanuzi b'inganda Nta sano isobanutse iri hagati ya PFE na PFE.Kurugero, ibikoresho bifite ibice bisa (bibiri bya 100% by'ipamba na pamba muslin) byerekana indangagaciro zitandukanye za PFE (14%, 54%, na 13%).Ariko ni ngombwa ko imikorere mike (urugero, 100% ipamba A; PFE ≈ 14%), imikorere iciriritse (urugero, 70% / 30% ivangwa rya pamba / polyester; PFE ≈ 49%) nibikorwa byiza (urugero, imyenda ya swater; PFE ≈ 78%) Umwenda urashobora kumenyekana neza ukoresheje ibikoresho bya PFE byasobanuwe muriki gikorwa.Cyane cyane imyenda ya swater nibikoresho byo gupakira ipamba byakozwe neza cyane, hamwe na PFE iri hagati ya 70% na 80%.Ibikoresho nkibi-byinshi birashobora kumenyekana no gusesengurwa muburyo burambuye kugirango wumve ibiranga bigira uruhare mubikorwa byabo byo kuyungurura.Ariko, turashaka kwibutsa ko kubera ko ibisubizo bya PFE byibikoresho bifite ibisobanuro bisa ninganda (ni ukuvuga ibikoresho by'ipamba) bitandukanye cyane, aya makuru ntagaragaza ibikoresho bifasha cyane masike yimyenda, kandi ntabwo dushaka kumenya imitungo- ibyiciro.Isano yimikorere.Dutanga ingero zihariye zo kwerekana kalibrasi, kwerekana ko igipimo gikubiyemo urwego rwose rushoboka rwo kuyungurura, no gutanga ingano yikosa ryo gupimwa.
Twabonye ibisubizo bya PFE kugirango twerekane ko ibikoresho byacu bifite ubushobozi butandukanye bwo gupima, amakosa make, kandi ugereranije namakuru yabonetse mubitabo.Kurugero, Zangmeister n'abandi.Ibisubizo bya PFE by'ibitambara byinshi bikozwe mu ipamba (urugero: "Ipamba 1-11 ″) (insinga 89 kugeza 812 kuri santimetero).Muri 9 mubikoresho 11, "byibura filtration ikora" iri hagati ya 0% na 25%;PFE y'ibindi bikoresho bibiri ni 32%.[14] Muri ubwo buryo, Konda n'abandi.Amakuru ya PFE yimyenda ibiri yipamba (80 na 600 TPI; 153 na 152 gm-2) aratangazwa.PFE iri hagati ya 7% na 36% na 65% kugeza 85%.Mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe na Drewnick n'abandi, mu mwenda umwe w'ipamba (ni ukuvuga ipamba, ubudodo bw'ipamba, moleton; 139-265 TPI; 80-140 gm - 2), ibikoresho bya PFE ni 10% kugeza 30%.Mu bushakashatsi bwa Joo n'abandi, ibikoresho byabo by'ipamba 100% bifite PFE ya 8% (300 nm ibice).Bagheri n'abandi.yakoresheje polystirene latex ibice bya 0.3 kugeza 0.5 µm.PFE y'ibikoresho bitandatu by'ipamba (120-200 TPI; 136-237 gm-2) byapimwe, kuva kuri 0% kugeza kuri 20%.[18] Kubwibyo, ibyinshi muri ibyo bikoresho bihuza neza n’ibisubizo bya PFE by’imyenda itatu y'ipamba (ni ukuvuga Veratex Muslin CT, Ububiko bw'imyenda Cottons A na B), kandi impuzandengo yabo yo kuyungurura ni 13%, 14% kandi uko bikurikirana.54%.Ibisubizo byerekana ko hari itandukaniro rinini hagati yibikoresho by'ipamba kandi ko ibintu bifatika biganisha kuri PFE nyinshi (ni ukuvuga ipamba ya TPI 600 ya Konda n'abandi; ipamba yacu B) ntibyumvikana neza.
Mugihe dukora ibyo kugereranya, twemera ko bigoye kubona ibikoresho byageragejwe mubitabo bifite imiterere imwe (urugero, ibigize ibikoresho, kuboha no kuboha, TPI, uburemere, nibindi) hamwe nibikoresho byageragejwe muri ubu bushakashatsi, kandi ntibishobora kugereranywa neza.Mubyongeyeho, itandukaniro mubikoresho bikoreshwa nabanditsi no kubura ubuziranenge bituma bigorana kugereranya neza.Nubwo bimeze bityo, biragaragara ko imikorere / imikorere yimyenda isanzwe idasobanutse neza.Ibikoresho bizakomeza kugeragezwa hamwe nibikoresho bisanzwe, byoroshye kandi byizewe (nkibikoresho byasobanuwe muriyi mirimo) kugirango hamenyekane iyo mibanire.
Nubwo hari ikosa rusange ryibarurishamibare (0-5%) hagati yigana rimwe (0-4%) hamwe nicyitegererezo cyasesenguwe muri bitatu, ibikoresho byatanzwe muriki gikorwa byagaragaye ko ari igikoresho cyiza cyo gupima PFE yibikoresho bitandukanye.Imyenda isanzwe kuri masike yubuvuzi yemewe.Birakwiye ko tumenya ko mubikoresho 11 byageragejwe ku gishushanyo cya 3, ikosa ryo gukwirakwizwa σprop irenze gutandukana bisanzwe hagati y'ibipimo bya PFE by'icyitegererezo kimwe, ni ukuvuga σsd y'ibikoresho 9 kuri 11;ibi bibiri bidasanzwe bibaho mugiciro kinini cyane cya PFE (ni ukuvuga L2 na L3 mask).Nubwo ibisubizo byatanzwe na Rengasamy n'abandi.Kwerekana ko itandukaniro riri hagati yintangarugero zasubiwemo ari rito (nukuvuga inshuro eshanu zisubiramo <0.29%), agace ka PFE urwego rushobora kuba rwinshi.Muri rusange, ibisubizo byabonetse dukoresheje ibikoresho byacu bihuye namakuru ya PFE nibipimo byemejwe nabandi bashakashatsi.
Nubwo PFE ari ikimenyetso cyingenzi cyo gupima imikorere ya mask, kuri ubu tugomba kwibutsa abasomyi ko isesengura ryuzuye ryibikoresho bya mask bigomba kuzirikana izindi mpamvu, ni ukuvuga uburyo bwo kwinjiza ibintu (ni ukuvuga binyuze mu kugabanuka k'umuvuduko cyangwa ikizamini cy'umuvuduko utandukanye) ).Hano hari amabwiriza muri ASTM F2100 na F3502.Guhumeka byemewe ningirakamaro muburyo bwo guhumuriza uwambaye no kwirinda kumeneka kwa mask mugihe cyo guhumeka.Kubera ko PFE hamwe nu mwuka wibikoresho byinshi bisanzwe mubisanzwe biringaniye, gupima igitutu cyumuvuduko bigomba gukorwa hamwe nigipimo cya PFE kugirango dusuzume neza imikorere yibikoresho bya mask.
Turasaba ko umurongo ngenderwaho wo kubaka ibikoresho bya PFE ukurikije ASTM F2299 ari ngombwa mugukomeza kunoza ibipimo ngenderwaho, kubyara amakuru yubushakashatsi bishobora kugereranywa na laboratoire zubushakashatsi, no kuzamura akayunguruzo ka aerosol.Gusa wishingikirize ku gipimo cya NIOSH (cyangwa F3502), cyerekana igikoresho kimwe (TSI 8130A) kandi kibuza abashakashatsi kugura ibikoresho bya tekinike (urugero, sisitemu ya TSI).Kwishingikiriza kuri sisitemu isanzwe nka TSI 8130A ni ingenzi mu gutanga ibyemezo bisanzwe, ariko bigabanya iterambere rya masike, ubuhumekero, hamwe nubundi buryo bwikoranabuhanga bwo kuyungurura aerosol bihabanye niterambere ryubushakashatsi.Twabibutsa ko igipimo cya NIOSH cyakozwe nkuburyo bwo gupima ubuhumekero mubihe bibi byari biteganijwe mugihe ibi bikoresho bikenewe, ariko bitandukanye, masike yo kubaga igeragezwa nuburyo bwa ASTM F2100 / F2299.Imiterere nuburyo bwa masike yabaturage birasa cyane na masike yo kubaga, ntibisobanuye ko bifite imikorere myiza yo kuyungurura nka N95.Niba masike yo kubaga ikomeje gusuzumwa hakurikijwe ASTM F2100 / F2299, imyenda isanzwe igomba gusesengurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwegereye ASTM F2100 / F2299.Mubyongeyeho, ASTM F2299 yemerera guhinduka muburyo butandukanye (nkumuvuduko wumuvuduko wumuvuduko numuvuduko wubuso mubushakashatsi bwakozwe neza), ibyo bikaba bishobora kuba igipimo cyiza cyo hejuru mubushakashatsi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-30-2021